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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Skeleton,_Human
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1992-09-03
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The skeleton has three functions. Firstly, it
provides a rigid framework for the attachment
of muscles and tendons to allow for movement
and locomotion. Secondly, it provides
protection for delicate organs, for example
the skull, which protects the brain. Thirdly,
bones contain marrow, which produces both red
and white blood cells in the adult. The human
skeleton is composed of 206 distinct bones.
The smallest bones are called ossicles, and
these are found in the middle ear. The
largest bone is the femur, or thigh bone,
which is about 45cm long in adult males. Most
bones are formed from smaller islands of bone
called centres of ossification which unite
together to form the complete bone. In babies
and young children, these centres of
ossification have not yet fused together.
This gives the misleading impression that
children have more bones than adults, but
this is not true. Bone is composed of
crystals of a hard white mineral called
calcium hydroxyapatite, embedded in a tough
fibrous matrix of strands of a protein called
collagen. The mineral gives bone great
strength, and the collagen gives it
elasticity. Bone is so tough that it is
stronger, weight for weight, than mild steel.
Bone is the second-hardest material found in
the body, the hardest being the enamel which
covers the teeth. Tooth enamel is composed
almost entirely of the same mineral as bone,
but very little collagen, so that it is very
hard, but also very brittle. Bones are
maintained by cells called osteocytes, which
are scattered throughout the bone and are
involved in producing new bone, absorbing old
bone, and in healing after a fracture. Bones
also receive a very good blood supply, and
bone tissue is very metabolically active.
Most bone formation happens in childhood and
adolescence, and requires lots of calcium and
vitamin D. Deficiencies of either of these
two nutrients results in formation of weak,
soft bones, a condition called rickets.
Subject by: Dr Aidan M. O'Donnell